Cats are polycyclic animals with induced ovulation. Their breeding season lasts from February-March to October-November. As daylight hours increase and temperatures rise, the hormonal system is activated, leading to estrus (heat) and readiness for reproduction. The presence of cats of the opposite sex also triggers the estrous cycle.
While these patterns are typical, some domestic cats may experience their estrous cycle during winter or for extended durations. This is often due to artificial lighting disrupting natural light patterns.
Reproductive Maturity in Cats
Sexual maturity (the ability to reproduce) in cats occurs between 6-8 months of age, though the first heat may occur as early as 4-5 months or as late as 8 months. Physiological maturity (the ideal age for breeding) occurs later. The optimal breeding age for a cat is between 1.5-2 years and up to 7 years.
Male cats, on the other hand, are ready to breed year-round, though their peak activity typically occurs in spring and summer.
Stages of the Estrous Cycle
The estrous cycle in cats consists of several stages and lasts an average of 14-21 days:
- Anestrus (Resting Phase) – Approximately 3-4 months.
- Proestrus (Pre-Heat) – 1-3 days.
- Estrus (Heat) – 4-6 days.
- Metestrus (Post-Heat) – 7-14 days.
1. Anestrus
This is the resting phase, typically occurring from September-November to December-January in mid-latitudes. During this phase, the cat does not exhibit mating readiness and will not allow male cats to approach.
2. Proestrus
This initial stage of heat is marked by behavioral changes, decreased appetite, slight swelling of the vulva, and subtle mucus discharge from the vagina. The cat is not yet ready to mate but may spray urine containing pheromones to attract males. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estrogen prepare the ovaries for ovulation.
3. Estrus
This is the actual heat or “mating phase,” where the cat is ready to mate. Owners may observe the following behaviors:
- The cat rubs against furniture, leaving pheromones to attract males.
- Decreased appetite.
- Urine marking.
- Increased vocalization (loud, distinctive meowing).
- A characteristic posture: the cat raises her pelvis and moves her tail to the side.
- She allows male cats to mate.
Cats are induced ovulators, meaning ovulation is triggered by mating and occurs approximately 24-30 hours afterward.
4. Metestrus
The post-heat phase involves a reduction in heat symptoms, and the cat no longer allows males to approach. If mating and fertilization occur, kittens can be expected in 58-63 days. If fertilization does not occur, signs of false pregnancy may develop, including increased appetite, rejection of male cats, swollen mammary glands, and other symptoms.
For cats that have recently given birth, a new estrous cycle begins 2-6 weeks postpartum.